An Introduction to Formal Logic

Formal Symbolic deductive logic: Also known as “formal” Because logic focuses on arguments’ form, this family uses symbolic File size 2.55 GB

An Introduction to Formal Logic

False, misleading and faulty arguments are all around. Advertisers are trying to to Separate you and your money to Politicians trying to sway your vote, to Friends who are interested in you to They agree that your belief structure is continually under attack.

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Logic This is intellectual defense against such attacks on reason, as well as a way to check the validity and reliability of your own ideas. But beyond these very practical benefits, informal logic—the kind we apply in daily life—is the gateway to an elegant and fascinating branch of philosophy known as formal logic, which is philosophy’s equivalent to calculus. Formal Logic is a powerful tool. Like a Swiss army knife to the sharp mind, logic is a powerful mode for inquiry that can lead to incredible things. to Surprising and life-changing conclusions.

Steven Gimbel, Professor of Philosophy at Gettysburg College, is an award-winning professor of philosophy who guides you with wittiness through this fascinating subject. An Introduction to Formal Logic, 24 engaging half-hour lectures that teach you logic from the ground up—from the fallacies of everyday thinking to Innovative ideas on the frontiers within the discipline. Professor Gimbel’s research explores the nature of scientific reasoning and the ways in which science and culture interact, which positions him perfectly to Make abstract concepts more concrete and understandable.

This course has real-world examples and thought-provoking exercises. It is suitable for all levels of experience, from beginners to advanced. to veteran logicians. There are many on-screen graphics that make it easy to understand the concepts.

For the Logician In All of Us

You will find that the same rational skills that help you spot the weaknesses in a sales pitch or your child’s excuse for skipping homework will also put you on the road to some of the most profound discoveries of our times, such as Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, which shook the foundations of philosophy and mathematics in the 20th century and can only be compared to Revolutions in thought, such as quantum mechanics. But Gödel didn’t need a lab to make his discovery—only logic.

Unexpected breadth and depth in applications. An Introduction to Formal Logic Will appeal to:

Aspire to be critical thinkers to Make better decisions as investors, doctors, lawyers, managers or any other person who is faced with the challenge of weighing competing options
Lovers of intellectual history who wish to to One of the most important and underappreciated streams of thought in antiquity can be traced to The present day
Philosophy students, who view logic as the gold standard in evaluating philosophical arguments. It is a mandatory course to master this discipline.
Mathematics students who wish to be mathematicians to Understand the basics of their field, and look at the machinery that drives every mathematical equation.
anyone curious about how computers work, for programs know nothing about words, sentences, or even numbers—they only comprehend logic
People who are fascinated by language and the brain and other topics in cognitive sciences, because logic models grammar, meaning and thought better than any other tool.

Logic Is Your Ally

Professor Gimbel starts by pointing out that humans are wired. to Accept false beliefs. We have strong compulsions, for example. to Change your mind to match the opinion of a group, particularly if we are the lone holdout—even if we feel certain that we are right. These are just some examples of cognitive bias, where our instincts can work against sound reasoning. to See how logic can be a wonderful corrective to protect us from our selves. This is an interesting start. An Introduction to Formal Logic As follows:

Logical concepts: to Deductive and inductive arguments, and the criteria used to assess them—validity and well-groundedness. Next, you will discover that arguments are composed of two parts: conclusions (the conclusion being argued for), and premises (the supporting information for the conclusion).

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Informal logic: Often called critical thinking, this type of logical analysis looks at features other than the form of an argument—hence “informal.” This section focuses on the truth of your premises. It also identifies standard rhetorical tricks, and logical fallacies.
Inductive reasoning: Next, you learn to Induction is a method that uses different cases to determine the validity of an argument. It then draws a general conclusion. Inductive arguments are a typical example of science. They use what we already know to give us logical permission. to Be open to new ideas.
Formal Symbolic deductive logic is also known as “formal” Because logic focuses on the form and arguments, this group of techniques uses symbolic languages to Assess the validity of a variety of deductive arguments that infer particulars from general laws and principles.
Modal logic: You will explore formal logic and then you’ll move into modal logic. to handle sentences that deal with possibility and necessity—called modalities. The philosophy of ethics has been influenced greatly by modal logic.
Current developments: This course closes by looking at the most recent developments such as fuzzy logic and three-valued systems of logical system. These innovations extend our ability to Deny what appears to be true. to be the basis of all logic—that sentences must be either true or false.

Learn the Language of Logic

Formal logic’s use symbols is often one of the most frightening aspects for many. You may have seen logical arguments expressed with these arrows, v’s, backwards E’s, upside down A’s, and other inscrutable signs, which can seem as bewildering as higher math or an ancient language. But An Introduction to Formal Logic It is clear that symbols convey simple ideas quickly and become second nature when used. In case after case, Professor Gimbel explains how to Analyze an English ambiguous sentence into its components, expressed in symbols. This makes clear what is being said.

These are the two sentences you should be considering: (1) “A dog is a man’s best friend.” (2) “A dog is in the front yard.” Both appear very similar initially. Both say “A dog is x” Seem and be to The only difference is in the property that is attributed to The dog. The noun phrase is however, “a dog” In these cases, it means two different things. It refers to dogs all around. It denotes a particular dog. These two ideas are symbolized as:

1. “x(Dx→Bx)

2. $x(Dx&Fx)

It is likely that you will find many of your daily arguments rely on the same ambiguity. This ambiguity dissolves when it is translated into clear logic.

Professor Gimbel says that logic thinking is similar to riding a bike. It takes practice and skill, but once you get the hang of it you can go far! Logic The key is to Philosophy, mathematics, science. It would not be possible to have electronic computers and data processing without it. In social science, it identifies patterns of behavior and uncovers societal blind spots—assumptions we all make that are completely false. Logic Can help you win an argument or run a meeting, draft contracts, raise children, be a juror or even buy a shirt to keep it from being lost at a casino. Logic It is strongly recommended that you take this course.